[55] In December, French was replaced by General Douglas Haig as commander of the British forces. CDN$ 23.00 CDN$ 25.00. He also kept tight control of the main reserve, feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going. [50], In September 1915 the Entente allies launched another offensive, with the French Third Battle of Artois, Second Battle of Champagne and the British at Loos. As a result, the Allied air successes over the Somme would not be repeated and heavy losses were inflicted by the Germans. The advance then slowed because of supply and communication difficulties. 41: No. The attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months, at a cost of only 4,000 British casualties. Today is the Centenary of the start of the Second Battle of Ypres and a hundred years since the first use of poison gas on the battlefields of the Great War. [47][48], During the autumn of 1915, the "Fokker Scourge" began to have an effect on the battlefront as Allied reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies. In 1914, there had been small-scale attempts by both the French and Germans to use various tear gases, which were not strictly prohibited by the early treaties but which were also ineffective. The battle had also seen the first mass use of German Stosstruppen on the Western front in the attack, who used infantry infiltration tactics to penetrate British defences, bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear. The Germans achieved an advantage of 192 divisions in the west to the 178 Allied divisions, which allowed Germany to pull veteran units from the line and retrain them as Stosstruppen (40 infantry and 3 cavalry divisions were retained for German occupation duties in the east). The Canadian Corps relieved the II ANZAC Corps and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November,[99] despite rain, mud and many casualties. The first battle in Belgium was the Siege of Liège, which lasted from 5–16 August. In the opening phase, they swept the air space of French aircraft, which allowed German artillery-observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference. The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine. Though primarily a powerful irritant, it can asphyxiate in high concentrations or prolonged exposure. Posts about Western Front written by sommecourt. Thank you for giving us a reason to talk about women in sports. Appendix F additionally breaks down the German killed figures (per the Reichsarchiv) as: 829,400 killed in action; 300,000 died of wounds; 364,000 missing reclassified as dead. 1-16 of 811 results for Books: History: Military: World War II: Western Front. A young German soldier's terrifying experiences and distress on the western front during World War I. It narrates from the point of view of a young German World War 1 soldier named Paul Baumer who fights at the front and the hell that he had to endure with his comrades. [118] German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain. [112] As a result of the battle, the Allies agreed on unity of command. [39], The success of this attack would not be repeated, as the Allies countered by introducing gas masks and other countermeasures. In the drier periods, the British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early October, the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes, which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat. With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages, however, the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. [76] British long-range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916. Members of the German high command viewed this new scheme with some favour and it later became the basis of an elastic defence in depth doctrine against Entente attacks. This article provides an overview of The Second Front . [127] Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 (including 3,000 merchant sailors). After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. [102] The Allies attacked with 324 tanks (with one-third held in reserve) and twelve divisions, advancing behind a hurricane bombardment, against two German divisions. [70] The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push. Over the past few days you … This article gives an overview of the battles on the Western Front. [31] The Fourth Army had attacked in Champagne from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 but the French were not able to attack in Artois at the same time. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe, films made on the Western Front 1917–1918, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&oldid=1021847073, Military history of Belgium during World War I, Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving Australia, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A young German soldier armed with a Kar98a, a, This page was last edited on 7 May 2021, at 00:39. [46] In May the German Army captured a French document at La Ville-aux-Bois describing a new system of defence. [22], The German Army came within 70 km (43 mi) of Paris but at the First Battle of the Marne (6–12 September), French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies, ending the German advance into France. All Quiet on the Western Front: A Literary Analysis The Author and His Times Erich Paul Remark (most commonly known as Erich Maria Remarque) was born on June 22nd, 1998 in Onsabruck, Westphalia; a town in Germany. Network Ten's Tim Gossage and Lachy Reid are bringing back Perth's favourite weekend footy show, The Western Front! [121] The German Imperial Monarchy collapsed when General Groener, the successor to Ludendorff, backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under Friedrich Ebert, to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year. Contact and learn more about The Front here. Contact and learn more about The Front here. [16] On 7 August, the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar. July 8, 2017 0. [25] In April 1917 the BEF began the Battle of Arras. The Tenth Army formed the northern attack force and was to attack eastwards into the Douai plain across a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) front between Loos and Arras. [60], Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to 5–6 kilometres (3–4 mi) to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive. Since 1915 specialist Royal Engineer tunnelling companies had been digging tunnels under the ridge, and about 500 t (490 long tons) of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences. Preceded by a surprise bombardment lasting only 35 minutes, the initial assault made rapid progress and the village was captured within four hours. [7] The British, for their part, did not remain idle, but could not commit nearly as many troops as their French ally. The Western Front is the official newspaper of Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington. Following the Race to the Sea, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches, stretching from the North Sea to the Swissfrontier wi… Audio Recording…, Over the course of an hour, a camera, mounted on a central tower, panned in a slow circle as a play unfolded around the edge…, A solo opera with percussion, lights, video and performance. Trench warfare in 1914, while not new, quickly improved and provided a very high degree of defense. [71], The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the tank on the battlefield. In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day. The Western Front evokes images of mud-spattered men in waterlogged trenches, shielded from artillery blasts and machine-gun fire by a few feet of dirt. In his discussions with Bethmann-Hollweg, Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain. Chambers will create a new performance work titled Steady. The submarine and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system, bringing a large reduction in shipping losses. [35] The first use of more lethal chemical weapons on the Western Front was against the French near the Belgian town of Ypres. It also inaugurated the cult of the ace, the most famous being Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron). The original plans for an attack around the River Somme were modified to let the British make the main effort. After a change in French command at Verdun from the defensive-minded Philippe Pétain to the offensive-minded Robert Nivelle, the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed. Other … The plan prescribed a surprise attack through neutral Belgium and the plains of Northern France, executed by a consid… Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements, barbed wire and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Nicholas Roerich: The Man Who Painted Shangri-La By TheCollector. The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000. [32] On 10 March, as part of the larger offensive in the Artois region, the British Army fought the Battle of Neuve Chapelle to capture Aubers Ridge. The Western Front was marked by two phases of large-scale combat operations. [85] This became known to the Royal Flying Corps as Bloody April. Walking has slowed time. The provinces overrun by Germany had produced 40 percent of French coal and 58 percent of its steel output. [77] This was intended to shorten the German front, freeing 10 divisions for other duties. [13] Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain under the Treaty of London, 1839; this caused Britain to join the war at the expiration of its ultimatum at midnight on 4 August. Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest Sep 5 2017. by Stephen E. Ambrose. To prevent similar German attacks in the future, France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the Maginot Line. [91] The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command, while the British assumed greater responsibility. The main French assault was launched on 25 September and, at first, made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts. 424,000 German civilians died due to war-related causes, ~1,000 in air raids. Liège was well fortified and surprised the German Army under Bülow with its level of resistance. The Battle of Amiens began two days later, with Franco-British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops, along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft. The Western Front Association (The WFA) was formed with the purpose of furthering interest in First Word War of 1914-1918. "[20][d] After marching through Belgium, Luxembourg and the Ardennes, the Germans advanced into northern France in late August, where they met the French Army, under Joseph Joffre, and the divisions of the British Expeditionary Force under Field Marshal Sir John French. "[58] As such, he adopted two new strategies. [59] The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat, for reasons of strategy and national pride and thus trap the French. Following the Race to the Sea, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches, stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France, which changed little except during early 1917 and in 1918. All Quiet on the Western Front – Erich Maria Remarque Brian Murdoch, the translator, has given us in his Afterword an excellent starting point for discussing this book. Campus. However after early battles of movement, the Western Front stagnated into trench warfare. The Western Front. It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres, as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress. [95] Following several weeks of bombardment, the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated, killing up to 7,000 German troops. Home; Mission; Recommended; Contact; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, Op. The first phase saw the capitulation of Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, and Fran… Including soldiers killed, wounded or missing, Tactical development on the Western Front in 1917, "The Volunteers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Moroccan Division during the Second Battle of Marne", "Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918", 1914-1918-online. Following the Battle of the Yser in October, the Belgian army controlled a 35 km (22 mi) length of West Flanders along the coast, known as the Yser Front, along the Yser river and the Yperlee canal, from Nieuwpoort to Boesinghe. [19], The German Army swept through Belgium, executing civilians and razing villages. Audio Recording duration: 00:39:49 Digitized audio of this concert is available through the Western Front Archives…, Gong Gita Asmara-UBC and featuring: Gamelan Alligator Joy The Western Front and Vancouver Community Gamelan Society present Gamelan Benefit: CONCERT FOR ACEH featuring: Gamelan Alligator…, Door $20 / $12 In 1989, a group of young Aboriginal artists took the floor at the Western Front for an influential multi-media performance…, 303 East 8th AveVancouver, BCCanada V5T 1S1, Hank Bull Collection, a New Addition to the Western Front Archives, Autumn Knight and Justine A. The assignment is to walk the Western Front, to understand the landscape where Canadian soldiers once bunkered down in the misery of trench warfare and perhaps, by walking past all these battlefields, to understand even a sliver of the burden carried by that once-youthful generation. The assault was made by four divisions along a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. The machines carried fascines on their fronts to bridge trenches and the 13-foot-wide (4 m) German tank traps. Fickle winds and inexperience led to more British casualties from the gas than German. A renewal of the attack on 13 October fared little better. [86], The same month, the French Commander-in-Chief, General Robert Nivelle, ordered a new offensive against the German trenches, promising that it would end the war within 48 hours. They suffered the greatest number of casualties (killed, wounded and missing) in a single day in the history of the British Army, about 57,000. This advance was quickly ushered into service, in the Fokker E.I (Eindecker, or monoplane, Mark 1), the first single seat fighter aircraft to combine a reasonable maximum speed with an effective armament. [106] Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the British on the Somme, to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports. General Ferdinand Foch was appointed commander of all Allied forces in France. Second Ypres Centenary. All Quiet on the Western Front is narrated by Paul Bäumer, a young man of nineteen who fights in the German army on the French front in World War I. Paul and several of his friends from school joined the army voluntarily after listening to the stirring patriotic speeches of their teacher, Kantorek. [17] In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French. A very useful summary of the war on the Western Front in WW1. If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast. [114], In July, Foch began the Second Battle of the Marne, a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August. This line of fortifications ran from Arras south to St Quentin and shortened the front by about 50 kilometres (30 mi). [116] Hindenburg named 8 August as the "Black Day of the German army. The result was the Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919 by a delegation of the new German government. Undaunted, the French continued to launch and maintain such attacks throughout the year, making 1915 the deadliest year for French forces (349,000 deaths). Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and halted the German advance. In March 1916, after Gallipoli, the ANZACs (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) were sent to France to the conflict on the Western Front, where the war was bogged down in … From the coast in the north, the primary forces were from Belgium, the British Empire and then France. [27], From 19 October until 22 November, the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the First Battle of Ypres, which ended in a mutually-costly stalemate. Having taken root from the early efforts of Kate Craig and other Western Front founders,…, Western Front is pleased to participate in Vancouver Independent Archives Week with grunt gallery and VIVO Media Arts Centre Archives Week Kickoff Screening Sunday November…, Concert of cello, voice, and electronics by Tom Cora and Catherine Jauniaux at the Western Front. [28] After the battle, Erich von Falkenhayn judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution. Aircraft were already in use for scouting and on 1 April, the French pilot Roland Garros became the first to shoot down an enemy aircraft by using a machine-gun that shot forward through the propeller blades. [92], On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France, forming the American Expeditionary Force. [80] However, offensive advances by the British continued as the High Command claimed, with some justice, that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun, despite the Allies suffering greater losses. The Western Front is the official newspaper of Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington. Countermeasures also improved and the stalemate continued. I refer to it as a ‘book’ because to call it a novel suggests something less horrific in terms of subject matter than what we find in All Quiet on the Western Front. [33][34], All sides had signed the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare. It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and disallowing a navy or air force. Part of the Liturgy of St John Chrysostom. [25], On the Entente side (those countries opposing the German alliance), the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front. Long considered the most futile arena of the First World War, the Western Front has persi The German advance was halted with the Battle of the Marne. The Western Front was a military theatre of World War IIencompassing Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy , and Germany. [53][54] The attack involved two corps in the main assault and two corps performing diversionary attacks at Ypres. [94], In June, the British launched an offensive in Flanders, in part to take the pressure off the French armies on the Aisne, after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops began to mutiny. [61] In preparation for their attack, the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress. On 25 February German forces began retreating to the line and the withdrawal was completed on 5 April, leaving behind a devastated territory to be occupied by the Allies. Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden. [81], Meanwhile, on 6 April the United States declared war on Germany. Thank you University of Washington. Filming for All Quiet on the Western Front began in March 2021. We also aim to perpetuate the memory, courage and comradeship of all those who served, on all sides, across all theatres and fronts, on land, at sea and in the air and at home, during the Great War. The Saar, which formed the west bank of the Rhine, would be demilitarised and controlled by Britain and France, while the Kiel Canal opened to international traffic. [12] At the outbreak of the war, the German Army, with seven field armies in the west and one in the east, executed a modified version of the Schlieffen Plan, bypassing French defenses along the common border by moving quickly through neutral Belgium, and then turning southwards to attack France and attempt to encircle the French Army and trap it on the German border. The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915, was intended to divert attention from offensives in the Eastern Front and disrupt Franco-British planning. The first was the use of unrestricted submarine warfare to cut off Allied supplies arriving from overseas. Tasked with creating action and dialogue to protect the Salish Sea, Western’s Salish Sea Studies Institute hired its first … Chambers in Conversation With Pablo de Ocampo, A Fitting Birthday Present for Western Front’s Iconic Building, 50 Years of Western Front: Transfer, Access and Preservation. [89] Appeals to patriotism and duty followed, as did mass arrests and trials. [110][111], Operation Michael, the first of the German spring offensives, very nearly succeeded in driving the Allied armies apart, advancing to within shelling distance of Paris for the first time since 1914. The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort, and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts. Since the British had used about one-third of their supply of artillery ammunition, General Sir John French blamed the failure on the shortage of ammunition, despite the early success. Directed by Edward Berger (“Patrick Melrose”), the film details a young German soldier’s terrifying experiences and distress on the western front during WWI. The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action. Though united in this goal, disagreements soon arose with the British, who favored a thrust north from the Mediterranean, through Italy and into southern … [83], On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe. [93] In spite of this, however, their presence provided a much-needed boost to Allied morale, with the promise of further reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the Allies. His aeroplane was captured and sent to Dutch engineer Anthony Fokker, who soon produced a significant improvement, the interrupter gear, in which the machine gun is synchronised with the propeller so it fires in the intervals when the blades of the propeller are out of the line of fire. An example of the success of these measures came a year later, on 27 April in the Gas attacks at Hulluch 40 km (25 mi) to the south of Ypres, where the 16th (Irish) Division withstood several German gas attacks. CDN$ 16.94 (13 used & new offers) Kindle Edition . To break the deadlock of trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried new military technology, including poison gas, aircraft, and tanks. After a massive eight-hour artillery bombardment, the Germans did not expect much resistance as they slowly advanced on Verdun and its forts. The French Plan XVII was intended to bring about the capture of Alsace-Lorraine. Luxembourg had been occupied without opposition on 2 August. [18] The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement on 7 August but German reserve forces engaged them in the Battle of Mulhouse and forced a French retreat. The Western Front was the name the Germans gave to a series of trenches that ran 700 kilometres from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border. A peace with only a few annexations of territory also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements, Germany could concentrate on Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal. Warfare in 1914, while not new, quickly improved and provided a very high degree defense... At Namur, lasting from about 20–23 August this line of fortifications ran from Arras south to St Quentin shortened. To Canberra, its officers did not enter the trenches in divisional strength until October Germans late! Additional demoralising factor the term only in the Eastern Front and disrupt Franco-British planning on the battlefield near. With the Battle of Verdun began on 21 February 1916 after a massive eight-hour artillery of! 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